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Vue 动画

Vue 内置的 <Transition> 组件可以帮助我们在使用 v-ifv-show 或动态组件添加或删除元素时进行动画。

在其他情况下使用纯 CSS 过渡和动画没有任何问题。

CSS 过渡和动画简介

本教程的这一部分需要了解基本的 CSS 动画过渡

在我们使用 Vue 特定的内置 <Transition> 组件创建动画之前,让我们先看两个关于如何在 Vue 中使用纯 CSS 动画和过渡的示例。

示例

App.vue:

<template>
  <h1>Basic CSS Transition</h1>
  <button @click="this.doesRotate = true">Rotate</button>
  <div :class="{ rotate: doesRotate }"></div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      doesRotate: false
    }
  }
}
</script>

<style scoped>
  .rotate {
    rotate: 160deg;
    transition: rotate 1s;
  }
  div {
    border: solid black 2px;
    background-color: lightcoral;
    width: 60px;
    height: 60px;
  }
  h1, button, div {
    margin: 10px;
  }
</style>
运行示例 »

在上面的示例中,我们使用 v-bind<div> 标签添加一个类,使其旋转。旋转需要 1 秒的原因是,它是在 CSS transition 属性中定义的。

在下面的示例中,我们可以看到如何使用 CSS animation 属性移动对象。

示例

App.vue:

<template>
  <h1>Basic CSS Animation</h1>
  <button @click="this.doesMove = true">Start</button>
  <div :class="{ move: doesMove }"></div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      doesMove: false
    }
  }
}
</script>

<style scoped>
  .move {
    animation: move .5s alternate 4 ease-in-out;
  }
  @keyframes move {
    from {
      translate: 0 0;
    }
    to {
      translate: 70px 0;
    }
  }
  div {
    border: solid black 2px;
    background-color: lightcoral;
    border-radius: 50%;
    width: 60px;
    height: 60px;
  }
  h1, button, div {
    margin: 10px;
  }
</style>
运行示例 »

<Transition> 组件

像我们在上面两个示例中所做的那样,使用纯 CSS 过渡和动画没有任何问题。

但幸运的是,Vue 为我们提供了内置的 <Transition> 组件,用于在想要对元素进行动画处理时,例如使用 v-ifv-show 从应用程序中删除或添加到应用程序中,因为这将很难用纯 CSS 动画来实现。

让我们先创建一个应用程序,其中一个按钮可以添加或删除一个 <p> 标签

示例

App.vue:

<template>
  <h1>Add/Remove <p> Tag</h1>
  <button @click="this.exists = !this.exists">{{btnText}}</button><br>
  <p v-if="exists">Hello World!</p>
</template>

<script>
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      exists: false
    }
  },
  computed: {
    btnText() {
      if(this.exists) {
        return 'Remove';
      }
      else {
        return 'Add';
      }
    }
  }
}
</script>

<style>
  p {
    background-color: lightgreen;
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 10px;
  }
</style>
运行示例 »

现在让我们将 <Transition> 组件包裹在 <p> 标签周围,看看如何对 <p> 标签的删除进行动画处理。

当我们使用 <Transition> 组件时,我们自动获得六个不同的 CSS 类,这些类可以用来对元素添加或删除时的动画进行处理。

在下面的示例中,我们将使用自动提供的类 v-leave-fromv-leave-to 来在删除 <p> 标签时制作淡出动画

示例

App.vue:

<template>
  <h1>Add/Remove <p> Tag</h1>
  <button @click="this.exists = !this.exists">{{btnText}}</button><br>
  <Transition>
    <p v-if="exists">Hello World!</p>
  </Transition>
</template>

<script>
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      exists: false
    }
  },
  computed: {
    btnText() {
      if(this.exists) {
        return 'Remove';
      }
      else {
        return 'Add';
      }
    }
  }
}
</script>

<style>
  .v-leave-from {
    opacity: 1;
  }
  .v-leave-to {
    opacity: 0;
  }
  p {
    background-color: lightgreen;
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 10px;
    transition: opacity 0.5s;
  }
</style>
运行示例 »

六个 <Transition> 类

当我们使用 <Transition> 组件时,我们自动获得六个类。

<Transition> 组件内部的元素 添加 时,我们可以使用前三个类来对过渡进行动画处理

  1. v-enter-from
  2. v-enter-active
  3. v-enter-to

当元素在 <Transition> 组件内部 删除 时,我们可以使用接下来的三个类

  1. v-leave-from
  2. v-leave-active
  3. v-leave-to

注意:<Transition> 组件的根级别只能有一个元素。

现在,让我们使用这六个类中的四个,以便我们可以在添加和删除 <p> 标签时进行动画处理。

示例

App.vue:

<template>
  <h1>Add/Remove <p> Tag</h1>
  <button @click="this.exists = !this.exists">{{btnText}}</button><br>
  <Transition>
    <p v-if="exists">Hello World!</p>
  </Transition>
</template>

<script>
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      exists: false
    }
  },
  computed: {
    btnText() {
      if(this.exists) {
        return 'Remove';
      }
      else {
        return 'Add';
      }
    }
  }
}
</script>

<style>
  .v-enter-from {
    opacity: 0;
    translate: -100px 0;
  }
  .v-enter-to {
    opacity: 1;
    translate: 0 0;
  }
  .v-leave-from {
    opacity: 1;
    translate: 0 0;
  }
  .v-leave-to {
    opacity: 0;
    translate: 100px 0;
  }
  p {
    background-color: lightgreen;
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 10px;
    transition: all 0.5s;
  }
</style>
运行示例 »

我们还可以使用 v-enter-activev-leave-active 设置元素添加期间删除期间的样式或动画

示例

App.vue:

<template>
  <h1>Add/Remove <p> Tag</h1>
  <button @click="this.exists = !this.exists">{{btnText}}</button><br>
  <Transition>
    <p v-if="exists">Hello World!</p>
  </Transition>
</template>

<script>
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      exists: false
    }
  },
  computed: {
    btnText() {
      if(this.exists) {
        return 'Remove';
      }
      else {
        return 'Add';
      }
    }
  }
}
</script>

<style>
  .v-enter-active {
    background-color: lightgreen;
    animation: added 1s;
  }
  .v-leave-active {
    background-color: lightcoral;
    animation: added 1s reverse;
  }
  @keyframes added {
    from {
      opacity: 0;
      translate: -100px 0;
    }
    to {
      opacity: 1;
      translate: 0 0;
    }
  }
  p {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 10px;
    border: dashed black 1px;
  }
</style>
运行示例 »

Transition 的 'name' 属性

如果您有多个 <Transition> 组件,但您希望至少一个 <Transition> 组件具有不同的动画,则需要为 <Transition> 组件指定不同的名称,以便将它们区分开来。

我们可以使用 name 属性选择 <Transition> 组件的名称,这也会改变过渡类的名称,以便我们可以为该组件设置不同的 CSS 动画规则。

<Transition name="swirl">

如果过渡 name 属性值设置为 'swirl',那么自动提供的类现在将以 'swirl-' 而不是 'v-' 开头

  1. swirl-enter-from
  2. swirl-enter-active
  3. swirl-enter-to
  4. swirl-leave-from
  5. swirl-leave-active
  6. swirl-leave-to

在下面的例子中,我们使用 name 属性来为 <Transition> 组件赋予不同的动画。一个 <Transition> 组件没有被赋予名称,因此它使用以 'v-' 开头的自动生成的 CSS 类来进行动画。另一个 <Transition> 组件被赋予了名称 'swirl',因此它可以使用以 'swirl-' 开头的自动生成的 CSS 类来进行动画规则。

示例

App.vue:

<template>
  <h1>Add/Remove <p> Tag</h1>
  <p>The second transition in this example has the name prop "swirl", so that we can keep the transitions apart with different class names.</p>
  <hr>
  <button @click="this.p1Exists = !this.p1Exists">{{btn1Text}}</button><br>
  <Transition>
    <p v-if="p1Exists" id="p1">Hello World!</p>
  </Transition>
  <hr>
  <button @click="this.p2Exists = !this.p2Exists">{{btn2Text}}</button><br>
  <Transition name="swirl">
    <p v-if="p2Exists" id="p2">Hello World!</p>
  </Transition>
</template>

<script>
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      p1Exists: false,
      p2Exists: false
    }
  },
  computed: {
    btn1Text() {
      if(this.p1Exists) {
        return 'Remove';
      }
      else {
        return 'Add';
      }
    },
    btn2Text() {
      if(this.p2Exists) {
        return 'Remove';
      }
      else {
        return 'Add';
      }
    }
  }
}
</script>

<style>
  .v-enter-active {
    background-color: lightgreen;
    animation: added 1s;
  }
  .v-leave-active {
    background-color: lightcoral;
    animation: added 1s reverse;
  }
  @keyframes added {
    from {
      opacity: 0;
      translate: -100px 0;
    }
    to {
      opacity: 1;
      translate: 0 0;
    }
  }
  .swirl-enter-active {
    animation: swirlAdded 1s;
  }
  .swirl-leave-active {
    animation: swirlAdded 1s reverse;
  }
  @keyframes swirlAdded {
    from {
      opacity: 0;
      rotate: 0;
      scale: 0.1;
    }
    to {
      opacity: 1;
      rotate: 360deg;
      scale: 1;
    }
  }
  #p1, #p2 {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 10px;
    border: dashed black 1px;
  }
  #p2 {
    background-color: lightcoral;
  }
</style>

运行示例 »

JavaScript 过渡钩子

正如前面提到的,每个 Transition 类都对应一个我们可以钩入的事件,以运行一些 JavaScript 代码。

Transition 类 JavaScript 事件
v-enter-from before-enter
v-enter-active enter
v-enter-to after-enter
enter-cancelled
v-leave-from before-leave
v-leave-active leave
v-leave-to after-leave
leave-cancelled (仅限 v-show)

当下面的示例中发生 after-enter 事件时,会运行一个方法,该方法显示一个红色的 <div> 元素。

示例

App.vue:

<template>
  <h1>JavaScript Transition Hooks</h1>
  <p>This code hooks into "after-enter" so that after the initial animation is done, a method runs that displays a red div.</p>
  <button @click="pVisible=true">Create p-tag!</button><br>
  <Transition @after-enter="onAfterEnter">
    <p v-show="pVisible" id="p1">Hello World!</p>
  </Transition>
  <br>
  <div v-show="divVisible">This appears after the "enter-active" phase of the transition.</div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      pVisible: false,
      divVisible: false
    }
  },
  methods: {
    onAfterEnter() {
      this.divVisible = true;
    }
  }
}
</script>

<style scoped>
  .v-enter-active {
    animation: swirlAdded 1s;
  }
  @keyframes swirlAdded {
    from {
      opacity: 0;
      rotate: 0;
      scale: 0.1;
    }
    to {
      opacity: 1;
      rotate: 360deg;
      scale: 1;
    }
  }
  #p1, div {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 10px;
    border: dashed black 1px;
  }
  #p1 {
    background-color: lightgreen;
  }
  div {
    background-color: lightcoral;
  }
</style>
运行示例 »

您可以使用下面的示例中的“切换”按钮来中断 <p> 元素的进入过渡阶段,从而触发 enter-cancelled 事件。

示例

App.vue:

<template>
  <h1>The 'enter-cancelled' Event</h1>
  <p>Click the toggle button again before the enter animation is finished to trigger the 'enter-cancelled' event.</p>
  <button @click="pVisible=!pVisible">Toggle</button><br>
  <Transition @enter-cancelled="onEnterCancelled">
    <p v-if="pVisible" id="p1">Hello World!</p>
  </Transition>
  <br>
  <div v-if="divVisible">You interrupted the "enter-active" transition.</div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      pVisible: false,
      divVisible: false
    }
  },
  methods: {
    onEnterCancelled() {
      this.divVisible = true;
    }
  }
}
</script>

<style scoped>
  .v-enter-active {
    animation: swirlAdded 2s;
  }
  @keyframes swirlAdded {
    from {
      opacity: 0;
      rotate: 0;
      scale: 0.1;
    }
    to {
      opacity: 1;
      rotate: 720deg;
      scale: 1;
    }
  }
  #p1, div {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 10px;
    border: dashed black 1px;
  }
  #p1 {
    background-color: lightgreen;
  }
  div {
    background-color: lightcoral;
  }
</style>
运行示例 »

‘appear’ 属性

如果我们有一个元素,我们希望在页面加载时对其进行动画,我们需要在 <Transition> 组件上使用 appear 属性。

<Transition appear>
  ...
</Transition>

在这个例子中,appear 属性在页面首次加载时启动动画。

示例

App.vue:

<template>
  <h1>The 'appear' Prop</h1>
  <p>The 'appear' prop starts the animation when the p tag below is rendered for the first time as the page opens. Without the 'appear' prop, this example would have had no animation.</p>
  <Transition appear>
    <p id="p1">Hello World!</p>
  </Transition>
</template>

<style>
  .v-enter-active {
    animation: swirlAdded 1s;
  }
  @keyframes swirlAdded {
    from {
      opacity: 0;
      rotate: 0;
      scale: 0.1;
    }
    to {
      opacity: 1;
      rotate: 360deg;
      scale: 1;
    }
  }
  #p1 {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 10px;
    border: dashed black 1px;
    background-color: lightgreen;
  }
</style>

运行示例 »

元素之间的过渡

<Transition> 组件也可以用来在几个元素之间切换,只要我们确保使用 <v-if><v-else-if> 一次只显示一个元素。

示例

App.vue:

<template>
  <h1>Transition Between Elements</h1>
  <p>Click the button to get a new image.</p>
  <p>The new image is added before the previous is removed. We will fix this in the next example with mode="out-in".</p>
  <button @click="newImg">Next image</button><br>
  <Transition>
    <img src="/img_pizza.svg" v-if="imgActive === 'pizza'">
    <img src="/img_apple.svg" v-else-if="imgActive === 'apple'">
    <img src="/img_cake.svg" v-else-if="imgActive === 'cake'">
    <img src="/img_fish.svg" v-else-if="imgActive === 'fish'">
    <img src="/img_rice.svg" v-else-if="imgActive === 'rice'">
  </Transition>
</template>

<script>
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      imgActive: 'pizza',
      imgs: ['pizza', 'apple', 'cake', 'fish', 'rice'],
      indexNbr: 0
    }
  },
  methods: {
    newImg() {
      this.indexNbr++;
      if(this.indexNbr >= this.imgs.length) {
        this.indexNbr = 0;
      }
      this.imgActive = this.imgs[this.indexNbr];
    }
  }
}
</script>

<style>
  .v-enter-active {
    animation: swirlAdded 1s;
  }
  .v-leave-active {
    animation: swirlAdded 1s reverse;
  }
  @keyframes swirlAdded {
    from {
      opacity: 0;
      rotate: 0;
      scale: 0.1;
    }
    to {
      opacity: 1;
      rotate: 360deg;
      scale: 1;
    }
  }
  img {
    width: 100px;
    margin: 20px;
  }
  img:hover {
    cursor: pointer;
  }
</style>
运行示例 »

mode="out-in"

在上面的例子中,下一张图片是在前一张图片被移除之前添加的。

我们在 <Transition> 组件上使用 mode="out-in" 属性和属性值,以便在下一个元素被添加之前完成元素的移除。

示例

除了 mode="out-in" 之外,这个例子还使用了计算值 'imgActive' 来代替我们在前一个例子中使用的 'newImg' 方法。

App.vue:

<template>
  <h1>mode="out-in"</h1>
  <p>Click the button to get a new image.</p>
  <p>With mode="out-in", the next image is not added until the current image is removed. Another difference from the previous example, is that here we use computed prop instead of a method.</p>
  <button @click="indexNbr++">Next image</button><br>
  <Transition mode="out-in">
    <img src="/img_pizza.svg" v-if="imgActive === 'pizza'">
    <img src="/img_apple.svg" v-else-if="imgActive === 'apple'">
    <img src="/img_cake.svg" v-else-if="imgActive === 'cake'">
    <img src="/img_fish.svg" v-else-if="imgActive === 'fish'">
    <img src="/img_rice.svg" v-else-if="imgActive === 'rice'">
  </Transition>
</template>

<script>
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      imgs: ['pizza', 'apple', 'cake', 'fish', 'rice'],
      indexNbr: 0
    }
  },
  computed: {
    imgActive() {
      if(this.indexNbr >= this.imgs.length) {
        this.indexNbr = 0;
      }
      return this.imgs[this.indexNbr];
    }
  }
}
</script>

<style>
  .v-enter-active {
    animation: swirlAdded 0.7s;
  }
  .v-leave-active {
    animation: swirlAdded 0.7s reverse;
  }
  @keyframes swirlAdded {
    from {
      opacity: 0;
      rotate: 0;
      scale: 0.1;
    }
    to {
      opacity: 1;
      rotate: 360deg;
      scale: 1;
    }
  }
  img {
    width: 100px;
    margin: 20px;
  }
  img:hover {
    cursor: pointer;
  }
</style>
运行示例 »

使用动态组件进行过渡

我们也可以使用 <Transition> 组件来对动态组件之间的切换进行动画。

示例

App.vue:

<template>
  <h1>Transition with Dynamic Components</h1>
  <p>The Transition component wraps around the dynamic component so that the switching can be animated.</p>
  <button @click="toggleValue = !toggleValue">Switch component</button>
  <Transition mode="out-in">
    <component :is="activeComp"></component>
  </Transition>
</template>

<script>
  export default {
    data () {
      return {
        toggleValue: true
      }
    },
    computed: {
      activeComp() {
        if(this.toggleValue) {
          return 'comp-one'
        }
        else {
          return 'comp-two'
        }
      }
    }
  }
</script>

<style>
  .v-enter-active {
    animation: slideIn 0.5s;
  }
  @keyframes slideIn {
    from {
      translate: -200px 0;
      opacity: 0;
    }
    to {
      translate: 0 0;
      opacity: 1;
    }
  }
  .v-leave-active {
    animation: slideOut 0.5s;
  }
  @keyframes slideOut {
    from {
      translate: 0 0;
      opacity: 1;
    }
    to {
      translate: 200px 0;
      opacity: 0;
    }
  }
  #app {
    width: 350px;
    margin: 10px;
  }
  #app > div {
    border: solid black 2px;
    padding: 10px;
    margin-top: 10px;
  }
</style>
运行示例 »

Vue 练习

用练习来测试自己

练习

<Transition> 组件自动为我们提供了 6 个不同的 CSS 类,我们可以用它们来为元素制作动画。

填写空白处,以便完成前 3 个类名,按正确的顺序,用于元素变为可见时。

  1. v-enter-
  2. v-enter-
  3. v-enter-

开始练习



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